Ecotoxicology: The Challenges for the 21st Century

Ecotoxicology: The Challenges for the 21st Century

The usual procedures for ecological risk assessment (ERA) have been based for decades on simplified approaches in order to provide basic information on the huge amount of chemicals introduced into the environment. These approaches allowed the development of international regulatory tools capable of substantially reducing the adverse effects on ecosystems in developed countries. Nevertheless, th...

The Challenges of Cognitive Neuroscience in the 21st Century

Educational Management Challenges for the 21st Century

While demands for large scale improvements in education systems increase worldwide, education system structures continuously fail to meet, or even make notable advancements, toward these demands. Inseparable from this problem is the very similar way in which education systems are managed. Educational managerial structures have become so universal, perpetual, and therefore, deeply ingrained in s...

Cataract blindness--challenges for the 21st century.

Cataract prevalence increases with age. As the world's population ages, cataract-induced visual dysfunction and blindness is on the increase. This is a significant global problem. The challenges are to prevent or delay cataract formation, and treat that which does occur. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to cataract formation. However, reducing ocular exposure to UV-B radiation and s...

Nanoelectronics challenges for the 21st century

Leading edge CMOS technologies today are unique examples of nanoscale engineering at an industrial scale. As we celebrate this remarkable achievement of our industry that forms the ever-expanding technology basis of modern society we cannot help but ponder the question of how we can continue to push the envelope of nanoelectronics. With the end of Si FET scaling appearing increasingly near, sea...